{"id":1601368,"date":"2025-12-17T14:45:52","date_gmt":"2025-12-17T19:45:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/observer.com\/?p=1601368"},"modified":"2025-12-17T14:48:52","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T19:48:52","slug":"arts-luigi-bonotto-fondazione-bonotto-fluxus-legacy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/observer.com\/2025\/12\/arts-luigi-bonotto-fondazione-bonotto-fluxus-legacy\/","title":{"rendered":"A Tribute to Luigi Bonotto, the Visionary Fluxus Patron Who Merged Art, Life and Industry"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1602883\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1602883\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1602883 size-full-width\" src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Yoko-scacchi-Firmata.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=800\" alt=\"Luigi Bonotto plays a white chess set with Yoko Ono, who wears a red hat, as photographers gather around them in a crowded room.\" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Yoko-scacchi-Firmata.jpg 800w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Yoko-scacchi-Firmata.jpg?resize=300,205 300w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Yoko-scacchi-Firmata.jpg?resize=768,524 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Yoko-scacchi-Firmata.jpg?resize=635,433 635w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Yoko-scacchi-Firmata.jpg?resize=320,218 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Yoko-scacchi-Firmata.jpg?resize=50,34 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1602883\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luigi Bonotto playing chess with Yoko Ono. <span class=\"media-credit\">Courtesy Fondazione Bonotto<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In the hills of Molvena, a rural corner of the Veneto, one of the region\u2019s most notable manufacturing stories took shape, alongside an extraordinary history of collecting and enlightened patronage. Here, one man\u2019s passion for culture evolved organically into an authentic corporate culture, as art flowed into everyday life and merged seamlessly with entrepreneurial practice. Today, Observer pays tribute to that singular story and its central protagonist, Italian textiles entrepreneur, collector, creative innovator and patron Luigi Bonotto, who passed away at the age of 84 on November 19, leaving behind a legacy that weaves together Fluxus, visual poetry and the very spirit of \u2018Made in Italy.\u2019 Note: My tribute draws from an interview recorded in 2017 for a BA thesis on exemplary cases of enlightened art patronage and corporate art in the region.<\/p>\n<p>Fondazione Bonotto was established in 2013 to promote the Luigi Bonotto Collection, which, since the early 1970s, has amassed an extensive body of works, audio and video recordings, posters, books and magazines by Fluxus artists and by the international verbo-visual movements that emerged from the late 1950s onward. The result is an extraordinary collection, built over more than 40 years, comprising over 15,000 artworks and documents, many of which were donated directly by the artists themselves. It stands as a record of the dense, ongoing personal relationships Bonotto forged with these artists, whom he welcomed and supported, making art an integral part of his life and company through a continuous dialogue between the arts, business and contemporary culture.<\/p>\n<h3>An upbringing that shaped an entrepreneurial philosophy<\/h3>\n<p>Luigi Bonotto\u2019s family company had once produced hats, but by the 1950s, hats were no longer everyday necessities, and his father encouraged him to learn something new within the textile sector. He studied at a textile school and, driven by curiosity, also attended the Venice Academy of Fine Arts.<\/p>\n<p>There, he became a student of the renowned Italian postwar artist Emilio Vedova and began spending time with intellectuals and artists in an environment that shaped a more open mindset and clearly influenced the later success of his company. It fostered an entrepreneurial culture attuned to creativity, experimentation and innovation, a sort of \u201csecret recipe\u201d he later passed on to his children, enriched by the artists who surrounded them throughout their upbringing. This creative foundation eventually led to another innovation, or more accurately, a retro-innovation, with the \u201cFabbrica Lenta,\u201d which helped the company remain competitive as the socio-economic landscape shifted.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1602881\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1602881\" style=\"width: 970px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-1602881 size-full-width\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"A formal portrait of Luigi Bonotto shows him wearing large clear glasses and a dark jacket, looking calmly toward the camera against a black background.\" width=\"970\" height=\"970\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg 1000w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=768,768 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=600,600 600w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=970,970 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=320,320 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=800,800 800w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=700,700 700w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=50,50 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-1602881 size-full-width\" src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"A formal portrait of Luigi Bonotto shows him wearing large clear glasses and a dark jacket, looking calmly toward the camera against a black background.\" width=\"970\" height=\"970\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg 1000w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=768,768 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=600,600 600w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=970,970 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=320,320 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=800,800 800w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=700,700 700w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Photo_Piero_Viti-.jpeg?resize=50,50 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1602881\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luigi Bonotto. <span class=\"media-credit\">Photo: Piero Viti<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Bonotto remained at the Valdagno school as a teacher, producing early fabric samples that he initially sold only as designs. He soon realized he could earn more by building an actual factory, combining technical expertise with the artistic influences he had absorbed and continued to cultivate. This was the \u201870s, when giants like Lanerossi and Marzotto were already in crisis. Yet Bonotto recognized that the textile downturn was an opportunity: the best artisans and master craftsmen were suddenly available, and high-quality machinery was being sold off at a discount.<\/p>\n<p>While others closed, Bonotto invested\u2014once again prompting people to call him crazy. That decision was the genesis of a company that now supplies some of the world\u2019s leading fashion houses with high-quality textiles, and that has been partly integrated into the Zegna Group since 2016. \u201cI knew from the start I needed to surround myself with a certain kind of people,\u201d Bonotto said. \u201cThe best artisans, the great textile masters who had become available. Focus on quality and craft knowledge, which is already a culture in itself. Minds of making\u2014specialists ready to engage with the artists who passed through here, in a fertile exchange that benefited both artistic research and production.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It was this creativity\u2014absorbed from the artists and then transmitted to his sons Giovanni and Lorenzo\u2014that ultimately allowed the company to endure. While many Italian textile firms in the 1990s and 2000s succumbed to global competition driven by speed and cost, the Bonotto family adopted what they call the \u201cSlow Factory\u201d model: time-honored looms, master craftsmen and low-volume, high-value production that continues to thrive in the international luxury market. Rejecting standardization, Bonotto treated fabric as his canvas, using it for material expressions of culture, craftsmanship and artistry\u2014his key differentiator in the global luxury sphere.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1605080\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1605080\" style=\"width: 970px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload size-full-width wp-image-1605080\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"A bright weaving machine stretches hundreds of fine threads across the frame, with the word \u201cDREAM\u201d glowing softly on a blurred sign in the background.\" width=\"970\" height=\"1455\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg 3744w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=200,300 200w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=768,1152 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=400,600 400w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=1024,1536 1024w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=1365,2048 1365w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=970,1455 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=320,480 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=1920,2880 1920w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=33,50 33w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload size-full-width wp-image-1605080\" src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"A bright weaving machine stretches hundreds of fine threads across the frame, with the word \u201cDREAM\u201d glowing softly on a blurred sign in the background.\" width=\"970\" height=\"1455\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg 3744w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=200,300 200w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=768,1152 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=400,600 400w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=1024,1536 1024w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=1365,2048 1365w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=970,1455 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=320,480 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=1920,2880 1920w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Sala-Orditoi_Oera-di-Yoko-Ono_Photo-Alain-Chies.jpg?resize=33,50 33w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1605080\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yoko Ono&#8217;s <em>Dream <\/em>in a warp room. <span class=\"media-credit\">Courtesy Fondazione Bonotto<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>A philosophy in which art shapes industry<\/h3>\n<p>At a time when corporate art is increasingly common but often framed as marketing or social responsibility, Bonotto\u2019s story was defined by a strong conceptual and physical connection between art and industry. \u201cLuigi taught us that even a manufacturing company can become a social space where art is part of daily work rather than an ornamental status symbol,\u201d Giovanni Bonotto told Observer after his father\u2019s passing. \u201cHis intuition was to let a textile factory and an art foundation coexist within the same production spaces to show that Art and Life are fully integrated.\u201d Giovanni is now carrying that legacy forward, tightly weaving the business together with art.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cToday, everyone talks about companies investing in art, but in most cases it\u2019s just applied art,\u201d explains Patrizio Peterlini, Fondazione Bonotto\u2019s longtime director, noting how companies often treat the business like a patient brought to a psychoanalyst, expecting a cure. But that is not art\u2019s role. At best, it may work for a single product line for a season, as seen in brand collaborations at fairs, but not beyond that.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1602878\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1602878\" style=\"width: 970px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-1602878 size-full-width\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"Luigi Bonotto and another man laugh while arm-wrestling across a table in a rustic, warmly lit room.\" width=\"970\" height=\"656\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg 1757w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=300,203 300w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=768,519 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=635,429 635w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=1536,1039 1536w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=970,656 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=320,216 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=50,34 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-1602878 size-full-width\" src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"Luigi Bonotto and another man laugh while arm-wrestling across a table in a rustic, warmly lit room.\" width=\"970\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg 1757w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=300,203 300w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=768,519 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=635,429 635w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=1536,1039 1536w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=970,656 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=320,216 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Higgins-braccio-di-ferro-2.jpg?resize=50,34 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1602878\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luigi Bonotto with artist, composer, art theorist, poet and Fluxus co-founder Dick Higgins. <span class=\"media-credit\">Courtesy Fondazione Bonotto<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For Bonotto, culture was the true engine of production. His strategy was shaped not by market trends but by a Fluxus-inspired belief that \u201cTechnique is essential, but technique without culture is empty.\u201d Other companies often came asking about Bonotto Spa\u2019s strategic plans, assuming the art was part of a formal investment strategy. In reality, there were no strategies at all\u2014only a lived fusion of art and life that echoed Fluxus philosophy and organically shaped the company\u2019s identity. \u201cThe \u2018Bonotto model\u2019 is perhaps unique, perhaps unrepeatable or anyway rare. It was born spontaneously. And for this reason, it cannot become a \u2018model\u2019 to be replicated,\u201d Peterlini said. \u201cIt is a beautiful story of a personal passion\u2014Luigi\u2019s passion\u2014that resulted in relationships and friendships that flowed naturally from his life into the life of the company, simply because he hosted the artists here.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>A living art archive in a factory<\/h3>\n<p>Bonotto only grasped the full scale of what he had accumulated when he moved into a new house. At that point, the need to catalogue everything became clear: to establish an archive and, from there, a foundation capable of preserving and sharing this heritage. Only afterward did he begin consciously acquiring works and books, identifying gaps he wanted to fill. This shift is what makes the collection one of the very few truly coherent and cohesive ones\u2014an assemblage that has become a significant reference point for specific areas of art history.<\/p>\n<p>Today, the collection is still housed in the 20,000 square meters of Bonotto Spa, not only in offices but also the production floors and warehouses that produce and store luxury textiles, ranging from high-end woven fabrics to artisanal, slow-production textiles used by major luxury brands.<\/p>\n<p>Peterlini acknowledges that keeping artworks amid the daily rhythm of factory life carried risks, but Bonotto insisted they belonged there because the workers embodied the very value reflected in the art. If something was damaged, it simply became part of the life of a living artwork\u2014perfectly aligned with Fluxus thinking. The works belonged in the very place where they originated, what Bonotto called the \u201cLourdes grotto.\u201d They had to remain where the miracle occurred, not in a detached white cube.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAt first, the fear was on the workers\u2019 side,\u201d Bonotto recalled. \u201cThey thought everything would be shut down and turned into a museum, the way Bisazza turned one of its old factories into a museum. But they were reassured immediately. Eventually, the workers began stopping me in the halls, asking what this or that work was.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1602880\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1602880\" style=\"width: 970px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-1602880 size-full-width\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"Luigi Bonotto embraces an older man with a long beard and black hat while sitting outdoors among trees.\" width=\"970\" height=\"652\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg 1776w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=300,202 300w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=768,516 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=635,427 635w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=1536,1032 1536w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=970,652 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=320,215 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=50,34 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-1602880 size-full-width\" src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"Luigi Bonotto embraces an older man with a long beard and black hat while sitting outdoors among trees.\" width=\"970\" height=\"652\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg 1776w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=300,202 300w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=768,516 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=635,427 635w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=1536,1032 1536w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=970,652 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=320,215 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Nitsch-Luigi-per-Home.jpg?resize=50,34 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1602880\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luigi Bonotto and Hermann Nitsch. <span class=\"media-credit\">Courtesy Fondazione Bonotto<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This integration makes it far easier to bring clients to Molvena\u2014despite its isolation\u2014because the visit feels closer to a museum experience than a showroom appointment in Milan. Here, clients encounter not only the product but also the environment, process, culture and history behind it, recognizing that the company\u2019s artistic nature is not a fa\u00e7ade but the soul of the work. In the warehouse, a Maurizio Nannucci neon reading \u201cArt as a social environment\u201d neatly encapsulates what the Bonotto world has become.<\/p>\n<h3>The Veneto context and a shifting Italy<\/h3>\n<p>Local reactions to Bonotto\u2019s initiatives have long been muted. Even when he staged a show in Bassano in 2000, the response remained muted. When we spoke, Bonotto attributed this to a deep-rooted cultural conservatism shaped by the Church and by a self-made, peasant-rooted entrepreneurial mentality that led many Veneto business owners to dismiss the role of culture in society\u2014a tendency reinforced after fascism\u2019s instrumental use of the arts. That mindset, he argued, ultimately constrained them and became one of the causes of the decline in Veneto\u2019s industrial production under globalization.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis is what hurt them, what paralyzed them. They\u2019ve been talking about a crisis for years. What crisis?\u201d Bonotto said. \u201cA real crisis happened in the sixties, but Veneto kept producing. Artisans knew how to react. They had extraordinary technique but also the imagination to find solutions, to change and innovate.\u201d Flexibility\u2014this ongoing capacity to adapt and innovate\u2014was, for him, the spirit of made in Italy and one of its most misunderstood strengths.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1605048\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1605048\" style=\"width: 970px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-1605048 size-full-width\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"Numerous rolls of fabric are stacked on a warehouse cart in a factory space where framed artworks decorate the surrounding walls.\" width=\"970\" height=\"728\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg 4608w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=635,476 635w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=2048,1536 2048w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=970,728 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=320,240 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=1920,1440 1920w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=50,38 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-1605048 size-full-width\" src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"Numerous rolls of fabric are stacked on a warehouse cart in a factory space where framed artworks decorate the surrounding walls.\" width=\"970\" height=\"728\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg 4608w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=635,476 635w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=2048,1536 2048w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=970,728 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=320,240 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=1920,1440 1920w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=50,38 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1605048\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The collection is displayed in the Bonotto Spa offices, production spaces and warehouses, creating a strong conceptual and physical link between art and industry. <span class=\"media-credit\">Courtesy Fondazione Bonotto<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>During our interview, we reflected on how cultural habits have shifted in Italy. In the 1960s and 1970s, it was natural for entrepreneurs and the upper middle class to move in cultural circles, hosting artists and exchanging ideas\u2014a fertile milieu echoed in Ennio Brion\u2019s accounts of Milan. By the late 1970s and especially the \u201880s, however, a new model of \u201cpredatory entrepreneurship\u201d focused solely on profit had emerged, and culture was seen as unnecessary.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWith culture, you can\u2019t eat, you can\u2019t buy bread. They thought I was strange, surrounding myself with people even stranger, wasting my time on these useless things instead of focusing solely on the business and \u2018making money,\u2019\u201d Bonotto recalled. \u201cYet we survived; this model is the one that proved to work, while all the others closed.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>Fondazione Bonotto&#8217;s mission<\/h3>\n<p>Today, the foundation promotes Fluxus and Concrete, Visual and Sound Poetry through exhibitions, loans and collaborations with museums, foundations, archives, fairs and cultural happenings. Its mission is to tell the story of the objects and the history of the Luigi Bonotto Collection, which is deeply intertwined with its founder, while also fostering new conversations among art, industrial production, craftsmanship and contemporary culture. This work includes digitizing all documents and making them freely accessible online, ensuring genuine global access and dissemination. The archive is extraordinarily extensive, and its cataloguing has required years of sustained effort.<\/p>\n<p>Among its holdings is the singular story of what later became known as Dick Higgins\u2019 \u201cIntermedia Chart,\u201d a pioneering diagram that articulated the reality of contemporary transmedia and intermedia art. Bonotto explained it originated as the \u201cMolvena Chart,\u201d created so Higgins could describe him using a visual diagram that transcended language barriers. It proved so effective that Higgins later recreated it on a computer and incorporated it into his publications, where it became a lasting reference in art history.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1602882\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1602882\" style=\"width: 970px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-1602882 size-full-width\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"Luigi Bonotto laughs as another man playfully leans against him in front of a wall text artwork writteLuigi Bonotto laughs as another man playfully leans against him in front of a wall text artwork written in French.n in French.\" width=\"970\" height=\"1337\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg 4147w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=218,300 218w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=768,1059 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=435,600 435w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=1114,1536 1114w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=1486,2048 1486w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=970,1337 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=320,441 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=1920,2646 1920w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=36,50 36w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload wp-image-1602882 size-full-width\" src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"Luigi Bonotto laughs as another man playfully leans against him in front of a wall text artwork writteLuigi Bonotto laughs as another man playfully leans against him in front of a wall text artwork written in French.n in French.\" width=\"970\" height=\"1337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg 4147w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=218,300 218w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=768,1059 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=435,600 435w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=1114,1536 1114w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=1486,2048 1486w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=970,1337 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=320,441 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=1920,2646 1920w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Vautier.jpg?resize=36,50 36w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1602882\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luigi Bonotto with Ben Vautier. <span class=\"media-credit\">Courtesy Fondazione Bonotto<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>At the same time, Fondazione Bonotto promotes artistic and intellectual work by commissioning installations and curatorial programs, overseeing the publication of magazines, books, catalogues, printed materials and digital editions, and organizing exhibitions, seminars and conferences in which young artists and curators engage directly with the material in the Collection.<\/p>\n<p>What makes the Bonotto case so rare is that it remains one of the few genuinely rooted examples of enlightened patronage, where a company does not instrumentalize culture but actively generates it, and where production and cultural practice function as a single, integrated entity. In Bonotto\u2019s trajectory, art and culture were never investments but a sincere mission born from passion, one that grew into relationships, shared research, discoveries and, above all, human exchange. It was a path in which art and life fused, evolving into a cultural project that, in turn, strengthened the company itself, shaping its methods, identity and vision. In this sense, the entire Luigi Bonotto story becomes a single \u201cTotal Artwork,\u201d which, as he often said, is the true miracle.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1605046\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1605046\" style=\"width: 970px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload size-full-width wp-image-1605046\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"A factory wall lined with colorful artworks hangs above industrial equipment and a green door marked with a black-and-white circular emblem.\" width=\"970\" height=\"728\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg 4608w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=635,476 635w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=2048,1536 2048w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=970,728 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=320,240 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=1920,1440 1920w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=50,38 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload size-full-width wp-image-1605046\" src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=970\" alt=\"A factory wall lined with colorful artworks hangs above industrial equipment and a green door marked with a black-and-white circular emblem.\" width=\"970\" height=\"728\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg 4608w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=635,476 635w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=2048,1536 2048w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=970,728 970w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=320,240 320w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=1920,1440 1920w, https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Interno-fabbrica-2_Opere-vari-autori.jpg?resize=50,38 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 135px, 200px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1605046\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Over 40 years, the collection has grown to include more than 20,000 objects, often donated by the artists themselves. <span class=\"media-credit\">Fondazione Bonotto<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>More in Artists<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h5><a href=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/2025\/12\/artist-interview-jorge-pardo-petzel-gallery-exhibition\/\">How Jorge Pardo Turns Light, Color and Form into a Phenomenology of Seeing<\/a><\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5><a href=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/2025\/12\/arts-karma-gallery-early-experiments-artist-manoucher-yektai\/\">The Early Experiments of Manoucher Yektai<\/a><\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5><a href=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/2025\/11\/interview-hans-van-manen-remembers-photographer-erwin-olaf\/\">Hans van Manen Remembers Photographer Erwin Olaf<\/a><\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5><a href=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/2025\/11\/review-marina-abramovic-balkan-erotic-epic\/\">Marina Abramovic\u2019s Erotic Epic Spreads Wide (and Displays the Limits of) the Artist\u2019s Psyche<\/a><\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h5><a href=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/2025\/11\/artist-interview-anselm-kiefer-iconoclastic-alchemist\/\">An Interview with Anselm Kiefer, Iconoclastic Alchemist<\/a><\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bonotto believed strongly that \u201ctechnique is essential, but technique without culture is empty.\u201d<\/p>\n <a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/2025\/12\/arts-luigi-bonotto-fondazione-bonotto-fluxus-legacy\/\">Read More<\/a>","protected":false},"author":177935360,"featured_media":1602883,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"apple_news_api_created_at":"","apple_news_api_id":"","apple_news_api_modified_at":"","apple_news_api_revision":"","apple_news_api_share_url":"","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"post_tag":[423808058,423807144,423988958,32564],"company":[424005135,423996676],"channel":[177,423867218,423979941],"location":[8301,423857482,423874677],"nyo_column":[],"person":[424005128,424005129,424005130,424005131,424005132,424005133,423933661,423979667,315822,424005134,424002426],"nyo_post_hidden":[],"coauthor":[423983686],"class_list":{"0":"post-1601368","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"tag-art-collectors","8":"tag-artists","9":"tag-arts-patrons","10":"tag-fluxus","11":"observer_company-bonotto-spa","12":"observer_company-zegna","13":"channel-arts","14":"channel-interviews","15":"channel-interviews-with-arts-leaders","16":"location-international","17":"location-italy","18":"location-europe","19":"nyo_person-luigi-bonotto","20":"nyo_person-patrizio-peterlini","21":"nyo_person-emilio-vedova","22":"nyo_person-ennio-brion","23":"nyo_person-giovanni-bonotto","24":"nyo_person-lorenzo-bonotto","25":"nyo_person-renzo-rosso","26":"nyo_person-david-chipperfield","27":"nyo_person-john-cage","28":"nyo_person-dick-higgins","29":"nyo_person-maurizio-nannucci"},"acf":{"homepage_position":"","homepage_title":"","homepage_excerpt":"","alternative_og_image":"","headline":{"seo_headline":""},"subheadline":{"optimized_seo_description":"","optimized_social_excerpt":""}},"apple_news_notices":[],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","canonical_url":"https:\/\/observer.com\/2025\/12\/arts-luigi-bonotto-fondazione-bonotto-fluxus-legacy\/","smart_links":{"inbound":0,"outbound":0},"traffic_boost_suggestions_count":0,"meta":[],"rendered":"","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/observer.com\/p.js"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Yoko-scacchi-Firmata.jpg?quality=80","coauthors_byline":"By Elisa Carollo","display_channel":"","thumbnail":"<img width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Yoko-scacchi-Firmata.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=300&amp;h=225&amp;crop=1\" class=\"lazyload attachment-grid-thumbnail size-grid-thumbnail\" alt=\"Luigi Bonotto plays a white chess set with Yoko Ono, who wears a red hat, as photographers gather around them in a crowded room.\" decoding=\"async\" \/><noscript><img width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Yoko-scacchi-Firmata.jpg?quality=80&amp;w=300&amp;h=225&amp;crop=1\" class=\"lazyload attachment-grid-thumbnail size-grid-thumbnail\" alt=\"Luigi Bonotto plays a white chess set with Yoko Ono, who wears a red hat, as photographers gather around them in a crowded room.\" decoding=\"async\" \/><\/noscript>","classes":["post-1601368","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","tag-art-collectors","tag-artists","tag-arts-patrons","tag-fluxus","observer_company-bonotto-spa","observer_company-zegna","channel-arts","channel-interviews","channel-interviews-with-arts-leaders","location-international","location-italy","location-europe","nyo_person-luigi-bonotto","nyo_person-patrizio-peterlini","nyo_person-emilio-vedova","nyo_person-ennio-brion","nyo_person-giovanni-bonotto","nyo_person-lorenzo-bonotto","nyo_person-renzo-rosso","nyo_person-david-chipperfield","nyo_person-john-cage","nyo_person-dick-higgins","nyo_person-maurizio-nannucci","entry-grid"],"parent_channels":"Arts, Interviews","thumbnail_url":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Yoko-scacchi-Firmata.jpg?quality=80&#038;w=300&#038;h=225&#038;crop=1","thumbnail_url_2x":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/11\/Yoko-scacchi-Firmata.jpg?quality=80&#038;w=600&#038;h=450","excerpt_bare":"Bonotto believed strongly that \u201ctechnique is essential, but technique without culture is empty.\u201d","is_sponsored":false,"formatted_date":"8 hours ago","read_time":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"amp_enabled":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1601368","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/177935360"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1601368"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1601368\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1606637,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1601368\/revisions\/1606637"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1602883"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1601368"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_tag?post=1601368"},{"taxonomy":"observer_company","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/company?post=1601368"},{"taxonomy":"channel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/channel?post=1601368"},{"taxonomy":"location","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/location?post=1601368"},{"taxonomy":"nyo_column","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/nyo_column?post=1601368"},{"taxonomy":"nyo_person","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/person?post=1601368"},{"taxonomy":"nyo_post_hidden","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/nyo_post_hidden?post=1601368"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthor?post=1601368"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}